Amplifying electronic circuit with reduced start-up time for a signal including quadrature components

ABSTRACT

An electronic circuit for amplifying signals with two components in phase quadrature, which includes: a feedback amplifier with a feedback capacitor; a switch that drives charging and discharging of the feedback capacitor; an additional capacitor; and a coupling circuit, which alternatively connects the additional capacitor in parallel to the feedback capacitor or else decouples the additional capacitor from the feedback capacitor. The switch opens at a first instant, where a first one of the two components assumes a first zero value; the coupling circuit decouples the additional capacitor from the feedback capacitor in a way synchronous with a second instant, where the first component assumes a second zero value.

BACKGROUND

Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to an amplifying electronic circuit, which has a reduced start-up time and is designed to amplify a signal including quadrature components.

Description of the Related Art

As is known, today it is widespread practice to use capacitive-feedback amplifiers, i.e., to use circuit schemes in which an operational amplifier is fed back with a capacitor. This configuration guarantees in fact a reduction of thermal noise and power consumption.

In general, capacitive-feedback amplifiers suffer from the problem of having the input terminals without d.c. biasing. This problem is typically solved by adding a resistor with high resistance (for example, of the order of tens of gigaohms) in the feedback network or else, if the amplifier is designed for discontinuous use in time, by using a switch, which is controlled for enabling reset of the circuit formed by the amplifier and by the corresponding feedback network, before each power-up. In particular, in the case of use of a switch, typically it is arranged in such a way that, when it is closed, it shorts the terminals of the feedback capacitor.

In the case of use of a switch, it is possible for problems to arise if a non-zero signal is present at input to the amplifier at the moment when the switch is released. To understand this problem in detail, it should be recalled how, in the case of capacitive-feedback amplifiers, present on the input terminals of the amplifier is at least one input capacitor, which, whenever the switch is released (i.e., the reset is removed), charges as a function of the value of the signal present at input upon release of the switch. This charging represents a d.c. error, which falsifies the output of the circuit and vanishes only after a period of time that is equal to several times the time constant associated to the feedback capacitor. Typically, the aforementioned period of time may be rather long. For instance, in the case of absence of the feedback resistor, the time constant is given by the product of the capacitance of the feedback capacitor and of the resistance introduced by the switch, when open; consequently, the time constant may be of the order of seconds or tens of seconds. Instead, in the presence of a feedback resistor that is arranged in parallel to the feedback capacitor and has a resistance of the order of tens of gigaohms, the time constant may be of the order of tens of milliseconds.

BRIEF SUMMARY

In one or more embodiments, the present disclosure provides amplifying electronic circuits and methods that solve at least in part the drawbacks of the known art.

In one or more embodiments, an electronic circuit is provided that includes a first input capacitor including first and second terminals, the first terminal being configured to receive an input signal having first and second input components, the first and second input components having a same period and being in phase quadrature with respect to one another; an amplifier including a first input terminal and a first output terminal, the first input terminal being coupled to the second terminal of the first input capacitor; a first feedback capacitor coupled between the first input terminal and the first output terminal of the amplifier; a first switch coupled between the first input terminal and the first output terminal of the amplifier; and a first coupling circuit including a second switch, a third switch and a first startup capacitor, the second switch being coupled between the first input terminal of the amplifier and a first terminal of the first startup capacitor, the third switch being coupled between a second terminal of the first startup capacitor and the first output terminal of the amplifier.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the present disclosure, preferred embodiments are described, purely to way of non-limiting example and with reference to the attached drawings, wherein:

FIGS. 1, 4, 7 and 8 show circuit diagrams of embodiments of the present amplifying circuit;

FIGS. 2, 6, 9 and 10 show time plots of signals present in corresponding embodiments of the present amplifying circuit;

FIGS. 3 and 5 show block diagrams of synchronization circuits that may be coupled to embodiments of the present amplifying circuit;

FIGS. 11 and 12 show block diagrams of integrated electronic circuits that include embodiments of the present amplifying circuit; and

FIG. 13 shows a block diagram of an electronic system comprising a gyroscope.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows an amplifying circuit 1, which comprises an amplifier 2 formed, for example, by an operational amplifier with differential output.

The amplifying circuit 1 further comprises a first feedback resistor R_(r1) and a second feedback resistor R_(r2), which have to a first approximation one and the same value of resistance R (for example, comprised between 1 GΩ and 100 GΩ), as well as a first feedback capacitor C_(r1) and a second feedback capacitor C_(r2), which have to a first approximation one and the same value of capacitance C₂ (for example, comprised between 0.1 pF and 10 pF).

Further, the amplifying circuit 1 comprises a first switch RESET1, a second switch RD1, and a third switch RD2, and a further capacitor C_(RES1), referred to hereinafter as the first start-up capacitor C_(RES1) since its operation will affect the duration of the start-up period, as described hereinafter. The first start-up capacitor C_(RES1) has the same value of capacitance C₂ as the first feedback capacitor C_(r1) (and thus also as the second feedback capacitor C_(r2)).

For greater clarity, in what follows the first, second, and third switches RESET1, RD1, RD2 will be referred to as the first main switch RESET1, the first secondary switch RD1, and the second secondary switch RD2, respectively.

In greater detail, the first feedback resistor R_(r1) and the first feedback capacitor C_(r1) are connected in parallel; further, each of them has a respective first terminal, connected to a first input terminal of the amplifier 2 (for example, the negative input terminal), and a respective second terminal, connected to a first output terminal of the amplifier 2 (for example, the positive output terminal). Furthermore, the first main switch RESET1 is connected in parallel to the first feedback resistor R_(r1) and to the first feedback capacitor C_(r1), in such a way that, when it is closed, it shorts the first input terminal and the first output terminal of the amplifier 2. The first start-up capacitor C_(RES1) and the first and second secondary switches RD1, RD2 form a series circuit, which is arranged in parallel to the first feedback resistor R_(r1) and to the first feedback capacitor C_(r1) and is such that the first start-up capacitor C_(RES1) is arranged between the first and second secondary switches RD1, RD2. In addition, when the first and second secondary switches RD1, RD2 are closed, the first start-up capacitor C_(RES1) is arranged in parallel to the first feedback capacitor C_(r1), and when the first and second secondary switches RD1, RD2 are open, the first start-up capacitor C_(RES1) is disconnected from the amplifying circuit 1.

The second feedback resistor R_(r2) and the second feedback capacitor C_(r2) are connected in parallel. Further, each of them has a respective first terminal, connected to a second input terminal of the amplifier 2 (for example, the positive input terminal), and a respective second terminal, connected to a second output terminal of the amplifier 2 (for example, the negative output terminal).

The amplifying circuit 1 further comprises a fourth switch RESET2, a fifth switch RD3, and a sixth switch RD4, and a further capacitor C_(RES2), referred to hereinafter as the second start-up capacitor C_(RES2). The second start-up capacitor C_(RES2) has the same value of capacitance C₂ as the second feedback capacitor C_(r2) (and thus also as the first feedback capacitor C_(r1) and as the first start-up capacitor C_(RES1)).

For greater clarity, in what follows the fourth, fifth, and sixth switches RESET2, RD3, RD4, will be referred to as the second main switch RESET2, the third secondary switch RD3, and the fourth secondary switch RD4, respectively.

The second main switch RESET2 is connected in parallel to the second feedback resistor R_(r2) and to the second feedback capacitor C_(r2) in such a way that, when it is closed, it shorts the second input terminal and the second output terminal of the amplifier 2.

The second start-up capacitor C_(RES2) and the third and fourth secondary switches RD3, RD4 form a series circuit, which is arranged in parallel to the second feedback resistor R_(r2) and to the second feedback capacitor C_(r2) and is such that the second start-up capacitor C_(RES2) is arranged between the third and fourth secondary switches RD3, RD4. Furthermore, when the third and fourth secondary switches RD3, RD4 are closed, the second start-up capacitor C_(RES2) is arranged in parallel to the second feedback capacitor C_(R2), and when the third and fourth secondary switches RD3, RD4 are open, the second start-up capacitor C_(RES2) is disconnected from the amplifying circuit 1.

The amplifying circuit 1 further comprises a further pair of capacitors, referred to hereinafter as the first and second input capacitors C_(i1), C_(i2). The first and second input capacitors C_(i1), C_(i2) have values of capacitance respectively equal to C₁+ΔC and C₁−ΔC, where ΔC<<C₁ (for example, ΔC=0.01·C₁). Without any loss of generality, the first and second input capacitors C_(i1), C_(i2) may have variable capacitance. Thus, they may be such that ΔC may be varied in time. For simplicity, in the sequel of the present description it is assumed, however, that ΔC is fixed, except where otherwise specified.

In greater detail, both the first input capacitor C_(i1) and the second input capacitor C_(i2) have a respective terminal, which is connected to an input node N. Further, the second terminals of the first and second input capacitors C_(i1), C_(i2) are connected, respectively, to the first and second input terminals of the amplifier 2. The amplifier 2 thus functions as fully differential amplifier, i.e., with differential input and differential output.

In use, the input node N is apt to receive an input signal V_(in), which is, for example, a voltage signal of a single-ended type. Furthermore, the input signal V_(in) is equal to the sum of two voltages, shown in FIG. 2, where they are denoted, respectively, by V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in) and V_(COR) _(_) _(in) . In what follows, the voltages V_(COR) _(_) _(in) and V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in) will be referred to as the first and second input components V_(COR) _(_) _(in), V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in), respectively.

In greater detail, the first and second input components V_(COR) _(_) _(in), V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in) are of a sinusoidal type, and the corresponding phases are in quadrature.

FIG. 3 shows a circuitry 4, which in what follows will be referred to as the synchronization circuitry 4. The relations between the synchronization circuitry 4 and the amplifying circuit 1 will be described hereinafter.

In detail, the synchronization circuitry 4 has a first input, a second input, and two outputs. Further, the synchronization circuitry 4 is apt to receive on the first input a reference signal V_(ref,) formed, for example, by a sinusoidal voltage. The reference signal V_(ref) is in phase with the second input component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in). On the second input, the synchronization circuitry 4 receives an power-up/power-down signal PD, of a digital type, which is described hereinafter.

In greater detail, the synchronization circuitry 4 is apt to generate on its own outputs a first control signal sRESET and a second control signal sRD (represented in FIG. 2), which are, for example, voltage signals of a digital type. The first and second control signals sRESET, sRD are described hereinafter. The synchronization circuitry 4 may be formed in a per se known manner as a function of the first and second control signals sRESET, sRD, as clarified hereinafter.

Even though the corresponding connections are not shown, the first control signal sRESET drives the first and second main switches RESET1, RESET2, which operate in a synchronous way with respect to one another, whereas the second control signal sRD drives the first, second, third, and fourth secondary switches RD1, RD2, RD3, RD4, which thus operate in a synchronous way with respect to one another.

In particular, when sRESET=‘1’, the first and second main switches RESET1, RESET2 are closed; instead, when sRESET=‘0’, the first and second main switches RESET1, RESET2 are open. Furthermore, when sRD=‘1’, the first, second, third, and fourth secondary switches RD1, RD2, RD3, RD4 are closed; instead, when sRD=‘0’, the first, second, third, and fourth secondary switches RD1, RD2, RD3, RD4 are open.

This having been said, also visible in FIG. 2 is the aforementioned power-up/power-down signal PD. Even though not shown in detail, the power-up/power-down signal PD drives power-up of the amplifier 2; in particular, the amplifier 2 is turned on when PD=‘0’, and is turned off when PD=‘1’.

Further visible in FIG. 2 is a first instant of time t₁, in which the amplifier 2 is turned on; i.e., the power-up/power-down signal PD goes to zero.

Once again with reference to the first and second control signals sRESET and sRD, the first control signal sRESET is synchronous with the first input component V_(COR) _(_) _(in). In particular, the first control signal sRESET is set equal to ‘1’ for resetting the amplifier 2 and goes to zero at a second instant t₂, where the first input component V_(COR) _(_) _(in) exhibits the first zero subsequent to power-up of the amplifier 2. In this connection, also possible are embodiments (not shown) in which the first control signal sRESET switches to zero when the first input component V_(COR) _(_) _(in) exhibits a zero subsequent to the first zero that follows power-up of the amplifier 2, but this entails an increase in the start-up time. Consequently, in what follows, this case is not described any further.

The second control signal sRD is also synchronous with the first input component V_(COR) _(_) _(in). In particular, the second control signal sRD is set equal to ‘1’, for example together with the first control signal sRESET, and goes to zero at a third instant in time t₃, where the first input component V_(COR) _(_) _(in) exhibits the second zero subsequent to power-up of the amplifier 2. In the example shown in FIG. 2, the second input component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in) exhibits, at the second instant t₂ and the third instant t₃, a maximum and a minimum, respectively.

Once again with reference to the synchronization circuitry 4, it may be implemented in a per se known manner for generating the first and second control signals sRESET, sRD, as described previously. For this purpose, even though it is not shown, it may include a squaring circuit and one or more frequency dividers, since the first and second control signals sRESET, sRD are synchronous with the first input component V_(COR) _(_) _(in), and thus also with the second component input V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in), but have lower frequencies.

This having been said, at the second instant t₂, the first and second main switches RESET1, RESET2 open, and thus the first and the second feedback capacitors C_(r1), C_(r2) start to charge. Consequently, between the first and second output terminals of the amplifier 2 an output voltage V_(out) is generated, which is of a differential type and is equal to the sum of a first output component V_(COR) _(_) _(out) and a second output component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(out), the plots of which are shown in FIG. 2.

In detail, in the period of time between the second and third instants t₂, t₃, referred to in what follows as the error period, the gain between the output voltage V_(out) and the input signal V_(in) is equal to G₁=−2ΔC/(2C₂) since the first and second start-up capacitors C_(RES1), C_(RES2) are in parallel to the first and second feedback capacitors C_(r1), C_(r2), respectively.

In greater detail, in the error period, the first and second input components V_(COR) _(_) _(in), V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in) are amplified in an incorrect way, where by “correct amplification” is meant the case where V_(COR) _(_) _(out) =G₂·V_(COR) _(_) _(in) and V_(QUAD) _(_) _(out)=G₂=−2·ΔC/C₂. In fact, the first and second input components V_(COR) _(_) _(in), V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in) are amplified by G₁, instead of by G₂, i.e., by a gain that is equal to one half of the correct gain. Furthermore, we have V_(QUAD) _(_) _(out)=G₁·(V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in)−ERR), where ERR is the initial error due to the fact that, at the second instant in time t₂, the second input component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in) is not zero, unlike the first input component V_(COR) _(_) _(in). This initial error is, in fact, equal to the value assumed by the second input component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in) at the second instant in time t₂. In other words, at the second instant t₂, not only is the second input component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in) amplified with an incorrect gain, but further the result is affected by a sort of offset. In other words still, at the second instant t₂, the second output component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(out) assumes a value different from a corresponding first ideal value, equal to the product of the gain G₂ and the value that the second input component V_(QUAD) _(—in) assumes at the second instant t₂.

The time interval that starts with the third instant t₃ is referred to as the error-free period. In fact, in this period the amplifying circuit 1 amplifies in a correct way; i.e., we have V_(COR) _(_) _(out)=G₂·V_(COR) _(_) _(in) and V_(QUAD) _(_) _(out)=G₂·V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in).

In detail, during the error-free period, the first and second start-up capacitors C_(RES1), C_(RES2) are disconnected from the amplifier 2, and consequently the first and second input components V_(COR) _(_) _(in), V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in) are correctly amplified by G₂.

In greater detail, at the third instant t₃, the first output component V_(COR) _(_) _(out) is correctly equal to zero. Further, once again at the third instant t₃, the second output component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(out) is exactly equal to G₂·V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in). In fact, during the error period, the deviation between the erroneous profile of the second output component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(out) and the corresponding correct profile reduces, until it vanishes at the third instant t₃. In other words, at the third instant t₃, the effects of the initial error and of the incorrect gain G₁ on the second output component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(out) compensate one another, cancelling each other out. Consequently, at the third instant t₃, the second output component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(out) assumes a value equal to a corresponding second ideal value, equal to the product of the gain G₂ and the value that the second input component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in) assumes at the third instant t₃.

Furthermore, as explained previously, at the third instant t₃ also the first output component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(out) assumes a correct value (zero).

In other words, in the error-free period, not only is the gain correct, but further any undesired offset is absent, since the values assumed by the first and second output components V_(COR) _(_) _(out), V_(QUAD) _(_) _(out) at the third instant t₃ are correct.

Once again with reference to FIG. 2, purely by way of example, it has been assumed, to facilitate understanding, that G₁=−½ and G₂=−1; i.e., it has been assumed that the amplifying circuit 1 has a unit gain.

In practice, the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 has a start-up time equal to half of the period of the first and second input components V_(COR) _(_) _(in) and V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in). It is thus possible to turn the amplifier 2 off and back on in order to reduce consumption, without this entailing the risk of having to wait, following upon each power-up, for an excessively long period of time before obtaining correct values of the output voltage V_(out). In this connection, for simplicity, FIG. 2 does not show either powering-down of the amplifier 2 or its subsequent powering-up.

FIG. 4 shows a different embodiment. Components already present in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1 are referred to using the same terms and the same references. Further, the first and second start-up capacitors C_(RES1), C_(RES2) and the first and second feedback capacitors C_(r1), C_(r2) again have the same values of capacitance (compatibly with the inevitable tolerances), i.e., a value equal to C₂. This having been said, in what follows the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 is described with reference to the differences as compared to the embodiment shown in FIG. 1.

The first, second, third, and fourth secondary switches RD1, RD2, RD3, RD4 are arranged in a way different from the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1.

In particular, the first start-up capacitor C_(RES1) is once again arranged between the first and second secondary switches RD1, RD2. However, the first secondary switch RD1 is configured to connect a first terminal of the first start-up capacitor C_(RES1) alternatively to the first input terminal of the amplifier 2 or else to ground. Likewise, the second secondary switch RD2 is configured to connect a second terminal of the first start-up capacitor C_(RES1) alternatively to the first output terminal of the amplifier 2 or else to ground.

The second start-up capacitor C_(RES2) is again arranged between the third and fourth secondary switches RD3, RD4. However, the third secondary switch RD3 is configured to connect a first terminal of the second start-up capacitor C_(RES2) alternatively to the second input terminal of the amplifier 2 or else to ground. Likewise, the fourth secondary switch RD4 is configured to connect a second terminal of the second start-up capacitor C_(RES2) alternatively to the second output terminal of the amplifier 2 or else to ground.

In greater detail, the amplifying circuit of the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 is controlled by the signals generated by the synchronization circuit shown in FIG. 5, where it is designated by 6. In particular, the synchronization circuit 6 is configured to generate, as a function of the reference signal V_(ref) and of the power-up/power-down signal PD, the first control signal sRESET and a third control signal sRI, also the latter signal being a voltage signal of a digital type. The third control signal sRI is synchronized with the first input component V_(COR) _(_) _(in), as described in detail hereinafter.

In greater detail, albeit not shown, the first, second, third, and fourth secondary switches RD1, RD2, RD3, RD4 are driven by the third control signal sRI, and thus operate in a way synchronous with respect to one another.

In particular, the first and second secondary switches RD1, RD2 are driven in such a way that, when sRI=‘0’, the terminals of the first start-up capacitor C_(RES1) are connected to ground; thus, the first start-up capacitor C_(RES1) does not have any effect on the gain of the amplifying circuit 1; instead, when sRI=‘1’, the first start-up capacitor C_(RES1) is connected in parallel to the first feedback capacitor C_(r1).

The third and fourth secondary switches RD3, RD4 are driven in such a way that, when sRI=‘0’, the terminals of the second start-up capacitor C_(RES2) are connected to ground. Thus, the second start-up capacitor C_(RES2) does not have any effect on the gain of the amplifying circuit 1. Instead, when sRI=‘1’, the second start-up capacitor C_(RES2) is connected in parallel to the second feedback capacitor C_(r2).

In use, as shown in FIG. 6, the first control signal sRESET goes once again to zero at the second instant t₂, where the first input component V_(COR) _(_) _(in) exhibits the first zero subsequent to power-up of the amplifier 2. Consequently, the first and second main switches RESET1, RESET2 are driven as in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1.

As regards the third control signal sRI, it is always again equal to ‘0’, except in a time window of duration Δt, centered around the third instant t₃, where it assumes the value ‘1’.

In practice, the third control signal sRI forms a unit pulse, which, without any loss of generality, extends in time symmetrically around the third instant t₃, where the first input component V_(COR) _(_) _(in) exhibits the second zero subsequent to power-up of the amplifier 2. Consequently, the first and second start-up capacitors C_(RES1), C_(RES2) are arranged in parallel, respectively, to the first and second feedback capacitors C_(r1), C_(r2) only during the aforementioned time window; otherwise, they are set to ground. In this connection, assuming that the period of the first and second input components V_(COR) _(_) _(in), V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in) is of the order of tens of microseconds (for example, 40 μs), Δt may be of the order of tenths of microseconds (for example, 0.1 μs). In greater detail, the ratio between Δt and the period of the first and second input components V_(COR) _(_) _(in), V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in) may be lower, for example, than 1/50 or else 1/100. In the sequel of the present description, for simplicity, it is assumed that At has an infinitesimal duration, except where otherwise specified.

In detail, the error period extends once again between the second and third instants t₂, t₃, whereas the error-free period extends one again from the third instant t₃. Both in the error period and in the error-free period, the gain introduced by the amplifying circuit 1 is correct; i.e., it is equal to the aforementioned value G₂, except during the aforementioned time window of the third control signal sRI, where, that is, the gain assumes the aforementioned value G₁, i.e., it is halved.

The first output component V_(COR) _(_) _(out) thus has a correct profile both in the error period and in the error-free period. In fact, halving of the gain at the pulse of the third control signal sRI does not affect the first output component V_(COR) _(_) _(out) since, during this pulse, the first input component V_(COR) _(_) _(in) is substantially zero.

As regards, instead, the second output component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(out), in the error period it has a correct profile, but for an offset that remains constant throughout the duration of the error period, said offset being caused by the fact that, upon release of the first and second main switches RESET1, RESET2, the second input component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in) is not zero. This offset goes to zero following upon the pulse of the third control signal sRI thanks to halving of the gain.

More in particular, to a first approximation, the aforementioned offset goes to zero immediately after the rising edge of the pulse of the third control signal sRI. Furthermore, considering the reduced temporal duration of the pulse of the third control signal sRI, it may be assumed that, following upon the rising edge of the pulse of the third control signal sRI, the second output component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(out) assumes a value equal to a corresponding ideal value that is equal to the product of the gain G₂ and the value that the second input component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in) assumes at the third instant t₃. In addition, it may be assumed that the second output component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(out) maintains the aforementioned ideal value up to the falling edge of the pulse. Consequently, during the error-free period, i.e., following upon the falling edge of the pulse of the third control signal sRI, also the second input component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in) is amplified correctly. From another standpoint, when the falling edge of the pulse of the third control signal sRI occurs, the second output component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(out) has a value equal to the aforementioned ideal value, which is equal to the product of the value G₂ and the value assumed by the second input component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in) at the moment of the falling edge.

Once again with reference to FIG. 6, and without any loss of generality, it is also assumed that G₁=−½ and G₂=−1. Furthermore, for simplicity of representation, in FIG. 6 the correction of the error that afflicts the second output component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(out) occurs instantaneously, at the third instant t₃. Further, Δt is widened with respect to a real situation, for a clearer representation.

For practical purposes, also the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 has a start-up time equal to half of the period of the first and second input components V_(COR) _(_) _(in) and V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in). Consequently, it guarantees the same advantages presented by the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1.

As shown in FIG. 7, further possible is an embodiment of the same type as the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, but where the output voltage V_(out) supplied by the amplifier 2 is of a single-ended, instead of a differential, type; also in this case, the amplifier 2 may be constituted by an operational amplifier.

In what follows, the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7 is described with reference to just the differences with respect to the embodiment shown in FIG. 1. Further, components already present in FIG. 1 are referred to using the same terms and the same references, except where otherwise specified.

In detail, the second output terminal of the amplifier 2 is absent. In other words, as mentioned previously, the amplifier 2 has an output of a single-ended type. In addition, the second input terminal of the amplifier 2 is connected to ground. Consequently, also the input configuration of the amplifier 2 is of a single-ended type. The second input capacitor C_(i2), the second feedback capacitor C_(r2), the second start-up capacitor C_(RES2), the second feedback resistor R_(r2), the second main switch RESET2, and the third and fourth secondary switches RD3, RD4 are thus absent, whereas the first input capacitor is designated by C_(x) and has a value of capacitance, for example, equal to C₁. Consequently, we have G₁=−C₁/(2·C₂) and G₂=−C₁/C₂. The input node N is formed by the terminal of the first input capacitor C_(x) not connected to the amplifier 2.

For practical purposes, the amplifying circuit 1 shown in FIG. 7 functions in the same way as the amplifying circuit 1 shown in FIG. 1. Consequently, the values of capacitance C₁ and C₂ may be chosen in such a way as to obtain, for example, the same plots as those of the signals represented in FIG. 2.

As shown in FIG. 8, further possible is an embodiment of the same type as the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, but where the output voltage V_(out) is of a single-ended, instead of a differential, type. In what follows, the embodiment shown in FIG. 8 is described with reference to just the differences with respect to the embodiment shown in FIG. 4. Further, components already present in FIG. 4 are referred to using the same terms and the same references, except where otherwise specified.

In detail, the second output terminal of the amplifier 2 is absent. In other words, as mentioned previously, the amplifier 2 has an output of a single-ended type. Furthermore, the second input terminal of the amplifier 2 is connected to ground. The second input capacitor C₁₂, the second feedback capacitor C_(r2), the second start-up capacitor C_(RES2), the second feedback resistor R_(r2), the second main switch RESET2, and the third and fourth secondary switches RD3, RD4 are thus absent, whereas the first input capacitor is designated by C_(x) and has a value of capacitance equal, for example, to C₁. Consequently, we have G₁=−C₁/(2·C₂) and G₂=−C₁/C₂.

For practical purposes, the amplifying circuit 1 shown in FIG. 8 functions in the same way as the amplifying circuit 1 shown in FIG. 4. Consequently, the values of capacitance C₁ and C₂ may be chosen in such a way as to obtain, for example, the same plots as those of the signals represented in FIG. 6.

Considering each of the embodiments described previously and shown respectively in FIGS. 1, 4, 7, and 8, further possible is a corresponding embodiment in which the first control signal sRESET goes to zero when the second input component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in) exhibits the first zero subsequent to power-up of the amplifier 2. In this case, when the second input component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in) exhibits the second zero subsequent to power-up of the amplifier 2, it is found that the second control signal sRD goes to zero or else that the third control signal sRI generates the respective pulse, according to the embodiment considered. In other words, embodiments are possible in which the first and second/third control signals sRESET, sRD/sRI are synchronized with the zeros of the second input component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in).

Examples of plots of signals regarding embodiments corresponding, respectively, to the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1 and 4, but where at the second and third instants t₂, t₃ there are zeros of the second input component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in) are represented, respectively, in FIGS. 9 and 10. In this case, the considerations concerning the first and second output components V_(COR) _(_) _(out) and V_(QUAD) _(_) _(out), as regards the correctness of the gain and the presence of error, are reversed with respect to what has been described in connection with FIGS. 2 and 6.

As shown in FIG. 11, it is possible to provide an integrated electronic circuit 10, which is for example a so-called ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) and includes the synchronization circuit, here designated by 14, and the amplifying circuit, here designated by 11. Without any loss of generality, FIG. 11 regards the case where the amplifying circuit 11 is any of the ones described previously and controlled (among other things) by the second control signal sRD (which, as has been said, may be synchronized on a zero of the first or second input components V_(COR) _(_) _(in), V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in)); thus, the synchronization circuit 14 is of the type represented in FIG. 3. As shown in FIG. 12, the amplifying circuit 11 may in any case be any of the ones described previously and controlled (among other things) by the third control signal sRI (which, as has been said, may be synchronized on a zero of the first or second input components V_(COR) _(_) _(in), V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in)), in which case the synchronization circuit, designated by 16, is of the type represented in FIG. 5. In FIGS. 11 and 12, the output terminals of the amplifier 2 are not shown.

Irrespective of the integration in the integrated electronic circuit 10, further possible are embodiments corresponding to embodiments described previously, but where the first input capacitor (if the second input capacitor is absent) or both the first input capacitor and the second input capacitor have a capacitance that is variable in a way proportional to the signal given by the sum of the first and second input components V_(COR) _(_) _(in), V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in), in which case the input node N is set at a d.c. voltage. In other words, with reference, for example, to the amplifying circuit shown in FIG. 1, it is possible for the input node to be set at a constant voltage, and ΔC to be variable in a way proportional to the sum of the first and second input components V_(COR) _(_) _(in), V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in). Also in this case, in fact, there is a difference between the charges present on the first and second input capacitors C_(in1), C_(in2), said difference being subsequently amplified, with consequent generation of the output voltage V_(out). In this connection, in the embodiments that include both the first input capacitor C_(in1) and the second input capacitor C_(in2), it is found that the respective charges have differential-mode components that vary in a way proportional to the sum of the first and second input components V_(COR) _(_) _(in), V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in), but with opposite signs. In the embodiments without the second input capacitor C_(in2), the charge on the first input capacitor C_(in1) varies in a way proportional to the sum of the first and second input components V_(COR) _(_) _(in), V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in).

Once again with reference to the integrated electronic circuit 10, it is further possible for some components of the amplifying circuit to be external to the integrated electronic circuit 10.

For instance, FIG. 13 shows an electronic system 20, which comprises a gyroscope 22, which is connected to the integrated electronic circuit 10. More precisely, the first and second input capacitors C_(i1), C_(i2) are formed by the gyroscope 22, as also is the input node N. Without any loss of generality, FIG. 13 regards the case where the amplifying circuit 1 is of the type shown in FIG. 1, but for the fact that the gyroscope 22 varies ΔC in a way proportional to the sum of the first and second input components V_(COR) _(_) _(in), V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in). There are, however, possible electronic systems (not shown) in which the gyroscope 22 is coupled to any one of the embodiments described previously, such as for example the embodiment represented in FIG. 4.

In particular, with reference to FIG. 13, the synchronization circuit 14 is electrically connected to the gyroscope 22 for receiving the reference signal V_(ref), which is generated by the gyroscope 22 to be in phase with the second input component V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in). In this connection, in the case of coupling with a gyroscope, the first and second input components V_(COR) _(_) _(in), V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in) are, respectively, formed by the so-called Coriolis component and the so-called quadrature component.

As shown once again in FIG. 13, the integrated electronic circuit 10 comprises a portion 30 of the amplifying circuit 1, which includes all the components of the amplifying circuit 1 represented in FIG. 1, but for the first and second input capacitors C_(i1), C_(i2). Furthermore, the integrated electronic circuit 10 comprises a biasing circuit 50, which has an output connected to the input node N and is designed to bias the input node N at a constant voltage V_(in) _(_) _(static). The biasing circuit 50 is of a per se known type and consequently is not described any further.

In general, irrespective of the possible coupling with the gyroscope 22 and thus irrespective of the presence of the first and second input capacitors C_(i1), C_(i2), the integrated electronic circuit 10 may be integrated in a single die. In the case of coupling with the gyroscope 22, the gyroscope may be formed in a die different from the die that forms the integrated electronic circuit.

From what has been described and illustrated previously, the advantages that the present solution affords emerge clearly.

In particular, the present solution makes it possible to reduce the start-up time, thus enabling power-up and power-down of the amplifier according to the energy-saving requirements, without this entailing the introduction of long periods in which the output signal is incorrect.

Furthermore, all the embodiments described may be integrated in contained areas, since they envisage the use of a very limited number of electronic components. Once again, the increase in energy consumption introduced by the present solution as compared to traditional architectures is substantially negligible.

In conclusion, it is clear that modifications and variations may be made to what has been described and illustrated so far, without thereby departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

For instance, the amplifier 2 may be formed by any amplifier of a known type with one or more stages. Furthermore, the amplifier 2 may be obtained using any known technology, and consequently may be made up, for example, of BJTs or MOSFETs.

The first and second feedback resistors R_(r1), R_(r2) may be implemented using corresponding MOSFETs, in which case the values of resistance may be varied.

Each of the switches described may be implemented in a per se known manner, for example using a corresponding MOSFET. As regards the pulse of the third control signal sRI, it may be arranged temporally in a way not perfectly aligned with respect to the third instant t₃, i.e., its center may be before or after the third instant t₃. Furthermore, it is possible for the third instant t₃ not to occur during the pulse of the third control signal sRI, in which case it is possible for it to be at a distance from the falling edge of the pulse (if delayed) or else from the rising edge of the pulse (if anticipated) by an amount less than, for example, 1/50 or else to 1/100 of the period of the first and second input components V_(COR) _(_) _(in), V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in).

All the digital signals may be reversed with respect to what has been described, in which case the corresponding switches controlled thereby are modified accordingly.

Finally, in principle the first and second feedback resistors R_(r1), R_(r2) could be absent; however, their presence enables faster recovery of possible errors of the first and second input components V_(COR) _(_) _(in), V_(QUAD) _(_) _(in), due for example to the tolerances of the components.

The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure. 

1. An electronic circuit, comprising: an amplifier including a first input terminal and a first output terminal, the first input terminal being configured to receive an input signal having first and second input components, the first and second input components having a same period and being in phase quadrature with respect to one another; a first feedback capacitor coupled between the first input terminal and the first output terminal of the amplifier; a first switch coupled between the first input terminal and the first output terminal of the amplifier; and a first coupling circuit including a second switch, a third switch and a first startup capacitor, the second switch being coupled between the first input terminal of the amplifier and a first terminal of the first startup capacitor, the third switch being coupled between a second terminal of the first startup capacitor and the first output terminal of the amplifier.
 2. The electronic circuit according to claim 1, said electronic circuit being configured to amplify said input signal as a function of a value of capacitance present between the first input terminal and the first output terminal of the amplifier
 3. The electronic circuit according to claim 1, the first coupling circuit being configured to selectively operate in a first and a second operating mode, wherein in the first operating mode the second and third switches are configured to couple the first startup capacitor in parallel to the first feedback capacitor, and in the second operating mode the second and third switches are configured to decouple the first startup capacitor from the first feedback capacitor.
 4. The electronic circuit according to claim 3, wherein said first switch is configured to switch from a closed state to an open state in synchronization with a first zero crossing of one of the first and second input components, and wherein the first coupling circuit is configured to switch from the first operating mode to the second operating mode in synchronization with a second zero crossing of said one of the first and second input components.
 5. The electronic circuit according to claim 1, wherein the first feedback capacitor and the first startup capacitor have a substantially same capacitance.
 6. The electronic circuit according to claim 1, further comprising a first resistor coupled between the first input terminal and the first output terminal of the amplifier.
 7. The electronic circuit according to claim 3, the amplifier further including a second input terminal and a second output terminal, the second input terminal being configured to receive the input signal, the electronic circuit further comprising: a second feedback capacitor coupled between the second input terminal and the second output terminal of the amplifier, the second feedback capacitor having a substantially same capacitance as the first feedback capacitor; a fourth switch coupled between the second input terminal and the second output terminal of the amplifier; and a second coupling circuit including a fifth switch, a sixth switch and a second startup capacitor, the fifth switch being coupled between the second input terminal of the amplifier and a first terminal of the second startup capacitor, the sixth switch being coupled between a second terminal of the second startup capacitor and the second output terminal of the amplifier, the second startup capacitor having a substantially same capacitance as the first startup capacitor, wherein the second coupling circuit is configured to selectively operate in synchronization with the first coupling circuit in the first and second operating modes, wherein in the first operating mode, the fifth and sixth switches are configured to couple the second startup capacitor in parallel to the second feedback capacitor, and in the second operating mode the fifth and sixth switches are configured to decouple the second startup capacitor from the second feedback capacitor, wherein the fourth switch is configured to operate in synchronization with the first switch.
 8. The electronic circuit according to claim 3, wherein said first switch is configured to switch from a closed state to an open state in synchronization with a first zero crossing of one of the first and second input components, and the first coupling circuit is configured to operate in the second operating mode at said first zero crossing and to switch into the first operating mode for a time interval spanning a second zero crossing of said one of the first and second input components.
 9. The electronic circuit according to claim 8, wherein said second said time interval is centered around and symmetrical with respect to said second zero crossing.
 10. The electronic circuit according to claim 8, wherein said time interval has a temporal duration of less than 1/50 of said period.
 11. The electronic circuit according to claim 8, wherein, in the second operating mode, the second and third switches of the first coupling circuit are configured to couple the first and second terminals of the first startup capacitor to a reference potential.
 12. The electronic circuit according to claim 7, further comprising: a first resistor coupled between the first input terminal and the first output terminal of the amplifier; and a second resistor coupled between the second input terminal and the second output terminal of the amplifier.
 13. The electronic circuit according to claim 1, comprising a synchronization circuit configured to receive an electrical reference signal in phase with one of said first and second input components, and to generate a first control signal for controlling said first switch and a second control signal for controlling said second and third switches of said first coupling circuit.
 14. An electronic system comprising: a gyroscope including first and second input capacitors having respective first terminals coupled to one another and configured to receive an input signal having first and second input components, the first and second input components having a same period and being in phase quadrature with respect to one another; and an electronic circuit, including: a differential amplifier having first and second input terminals and first and second output terminals, the first input terminal being coupled to a second terminal of the first input capacitor, the second input terminal being coupled to a second terminal of the second input capacitor; a first feedback capacitor coupled between the first input terminal and the first output terminal of the amplifier; a first switch coupled between the first input terminal and the first output terminal of the amplifier; a first coupling circuit including a second switch, a third switch and a first startup capacitor, the second switch being coupled between the first input terminal of the amplifier and a first terminal of the first startup capacitor, the third switch being coupled between a second terminal of the first startup capacitor and the first output terminal of the amplifier; a second feedback capacitor coupled between the second input terminal and the second output terminal of the amplifier; a fourth switch coupled between the second input terminal and the second output terminal of the amplifier; and a second coupling circuit including a fifth switch, a sixth switch and a second startup capacitor, the fifth switch being coupled between the second input terminal of the amplifier and a first terminal of the second startup capacitor, the sixth switch being coupled between a second terminal of the second startup capacitor and the second output terminal of the amplifier.
 15. The electronic system according to claim 14, further comprising: a first resistor coupled between the first input terminal and the first output terminal of the amplifier; and a second resistor coupled between the second input terminal and the second output terminal of the amplifier.
 16. The electronic system according to claim 14, the electronic circuit being configured to selectively operate in a first and a second operating mode, wherein in the first operating mode the second and third switches are configured to couple the first startup capacitor in parallel to the first feedback capacitor, and the fifth and sixth switches are configured to couple the second startup capacitor in parallel to the second feedback capacitor, and wherein in the second operating mode the second and third switches are configured to decouple the first startup capacitor from the first feedback capacitor, and the fifth and sixth switches are configured to decouple the second startup capacitor from the second feedback capacitor.
 17. The electronic system according to claim 14, wherein said first and second input components are respectively proportional to a Coriolis component and a quadrature component generated by the gyroscope.
 18. A method of forming an electronic circuit, comprising: coupling a first input terminal of an amplifier to a first input capacitor; coupling a first feedback capacitor between the first input terminal and a first output terminal of the amplifier; coupling a first switch coupled the first input terminal and the first output terminal of the amplifier; coupling a second switch between the first input terminal of the amplifier and a first terminal of a first startup capacitor; and coupling a third switch between a second terminal of the first startup capacitor and the first output terminal of the amplifier.
 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: coupling a second input terminal of the amplifier to a second input capacitor; coupling a second feedback capacitor between the second input terminal and a second output terminal of the amplifier; coupling a fourth switch between the second input terminal and the second output terminal of the amplifier; coupling a fifth switch between the second input terminal of the amplifier and a first terminal of a second startup capacitor; and coupling a sixth switch between a second terminal of the second startup capacitor and the second output terminal of the amplifier.
 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising: coupling a first resistor between the first input terminal and the first output terminal of the amplifier; and coupling a second resistor between the second input terminal and the second output terminal of the amplifier. 